![]() ![]() He argues that they all encompass the following four elements "(1) the operation involves the gathering, analysis, verification, and dissemination of information of relevance to the decision-making process of a State or States or otherwise serves some State interests (2) the operation is launched by agents of a State or States, or those with a sufficient nexus to the State or States in question (3) the operation targets a foreign State or States, their subjects, associations, corporations, or agents, without the knowledge or consent of that State or those States and (4) the operation involves some degree of secrecy and confidentiality, as to the needs behind the operation and/or the methods of collection and analysis employed, so to ensure its effectiveness" (pp. Lubin (2018) offers a more nuanced definition of espionage operations. 16 for further information about these camps see, Shulsky and Schmitt 2002 Warner, 2002 Der Derian, 1992). ![]() The second camp defines intelligence as warfare by quieter means" (Warner, 2009, p. As Warner argues definitions of espionage operations generally tend to group themselves in one of two camps: "One follows twentieth-century American military nomenclature and holds that intelligence is information for decisionmakers it is anything from any source that helps a leader decide what to do about an adversary. Quite the opposite, there seems to be almost as many definitions of intelligence as there are experts asked to define the term (for a complete survey of possible definitions see Warner, 2002). Nonetheless, even intelligence collection has "no internationally recognized and workable definition" (Sulmasky and Yoo, p. While there is no single, universal definition of espionage, espionage has been described as a method of intelligence collection: particularly, as a "process of obtaining information that is not normally publicly available, using human sources (agents) or technical means (like hacking into computer systems)" (UK MI5 Security Service, n.d.).
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |